Please select a section to view.... ------------------------ Report Home Preface ------------------------ I. Health Trends: A Century of Progress II. New Mexicans: Who We Are III. Strengthening Opportunities for New Mexico's Healthy Future IV. Access to New Mexico's Health System V. Healthy Mothers and Infants VI. Healthy Infants and Children VII. Pre-Teens, Teens and Youth Development VII. Healthy Adults IX. Tobacco X. Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse XI. Unintentional Injury XII. Violent Behavior XII. Mental Health and Mental Disorders XIV. Disability in New Mexico XV. Infectious Diseases (general) XVI. Bloodborne and Sexually Transmitted Diseases XVII. Environmental Health ------------------------ Appendix A: How Social Factors Affect Health in New Mexico Appendix B: References ------------------------ Strategic Plan Highlights Contibutors ------------------------
	Health Trends: A Century of Progress 1. Greenfield M, History of Public Health in New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM; UNM Press; 1956. New Mexicans: Who We Are 1. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Racial Trends And Comparisons In New Mexico During The Late 20th Century: What The Census Tells Us, Albuquerque, UNM Press, 2000, Figure 1b, p. 14. 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. Appendix A defines the term “urbanized area.” “Urban was defined as territory, persons, and housing units in urbanized areas and, outside urbanized areas, in all places, incorporated or unincorporated, that had 2,500 or more persons. . .” An urbanized area comprises one or more [central] places and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory [urban fringe] that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons.” (A-11 to A-12). 3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing. The 43% figure is conservative because urbanized area data derive from the 1990 Census; urbanized areas have grown faster than non-urbanized areas since then. 4. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Density Rankings 1997.” Population Estimates Release, September 1998. 5. Racial Trends And Comparisons In New Mexico During The Late 20th Century, Ibid., Figure 1a, p. 13. 6. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates Program, Population Division, “Population Estimates for the U.S., Regions, and States by Selected Age Groups and Sex, (ST-99-9).” Washington, D.C. 7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1999, 119th edition. Washington, D.C. 1999. 8. Calculated by the State Center for Health Statistics at New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics using data from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1956, 77th edition. Washington, D.C. 1999. 9. Calculated by the State Center for Health Statistics at New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics, using U.S. Bureau of the Census Population Electronic Product #45 (PE-45), “Detailed State Projections by Single Year of Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, 2006-2010.” 10. Calculated by the State Center for Health Statistics at New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics using data from Bureau of Business and Economic Research, “New Mexico Estimated 1998 Population - by Race/Ethnicity, Age and Sex,” University of New Mexico, October 1999. 11. U.S. Public Health Service. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1950, Volume I. Washington, D.C. 1954. 12. State Center for Health Statistics at New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics, 1998 New Mexico Selected Health Statistics Annual Report. Santa Fe, NM 2000. 13. Calculated by the State Center for Health Statistics at New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics. 1950 data are based on 1949-1951 decennial life tables published in Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, N.Y.; Statistical Bulletin, October 1955. 1990 data is based on 1989-1991 decennial life tables published in U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 1989-1991, Volume II, State Life Tables, Number 32, New Mexico. (PHS) 98-1151-32. Male life expectancy at birth was 64.3 in 1950 and 72.2 in 1990. Female life expectancy at birth was 69.1 in 1950 and 79.3 in 1990. 14. Racial Trends, op cit., Figure 1a, p. 13. 15. Ibid., Figure 1b, p. 14: “Some persons of Hispanic origin can also be classified in other non-Anglo racial categories, i.e., Black, American Indian or Asian/Pacific Islander (API).” 16. Ibid., p. 10. 17. Ibid. Appendix VI, p. 118. These Hispanic categories derive from those listed on the Census form; “Other Hispanic” respondents were requested to write in their origin group. 18. Ibid. The additional 1.2% consisted of 01.1% (6, 277) of Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central or South American origin and 0.1% (813) reported Dominican Republic, Honduran or other Central American, Peruvian or Ecuadorian origins. 19. Ibid., Figure 1b. 20. Ibid. Appendix VII, p. 119. Some of the “remaining tribes” had less than 150 members; others did not specify a tribal affiliation beyond the general “Indian.” These percentages are based on those in the 1990 Census since only the decennial census collects and tabulates information on the compositions of subpopulations. 21. Ibid., Figure 1b. 22. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Educational Attainment in the United States: March 1996, Table 11. The high school diploma and bachelor’s degree measures overlap because the “percent with a high school diploma or higher” includes some of those counted as achieving a “bachelor’s degree or higher.” As a result, the total of these two percents is greater than 100%. 23. The 1990 Decennial Census is used because it derives from a larger statewide sample (103,395 door-to-door housing unit surveys and 237,629 people) than annual Current Population Surveys. While the latter can furnish more recent data, they are based on much smaller samples (about 800 households) and therefore tend to have much higher standard errors. Their results can be less reliable when analyzing educational attainment, esp. among subpopulations (rural, urban, urbanized area or racial/ethnic groups). 24. “Area Classifications,” the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population has used “urban,” “rural,” and “urbanized areas” [see footnote 2 above] with slight modifications since the 1950 census. ‘Urban’ [includes]: 1) Places of 2,500 or more persons incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs; 2) Census designated places of 2,500 or more persons; or 3) Other territory, incorporated or unincorporated, included in urbanized areas.” Territory, population, and housing units not classified as urban constitute ‘rural’ (emphasis added).” 25. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990 Census of Population, Social and Economic Characteristics, New Mexico, Table 22. 26. New Mexico State Department of Education. Dropout Study 1997-98, July 1999, Figure 1, Tables 1 and 11. 27. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, Social and Economic Characteristics, New Mexico, Table 47. 28. A. Alcantara, et al. Poverty in New Mexico: Who Are the Poor? Bureau of Business and Economic Research, UNM, Sept. 1997 Albuquerque, NM. 29. U.S. Census Bureau, website: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povty98.html, “Poverty in the United States: 1998” (P60 - 207) 30. Federal Register. 2000(2/15); Vol. 65, No. 31:7555-7557. 31. The statistics are primarily from Poverty in New Mexico: Who are the Poor? (1997), especially Table C1. In their analysis of work and poverty status, the authors omitted “18 to 24 year old persons on the theory that many [of these persons] are still in school” (pp. 45-46). They further restricted their sample as follows: When the census data were collected in 1990, “respondents were asked not only about their current work status, but also about their work status the previous year (1989). We chose to include only those who were employed in both 1990 and 1989, omit those who were unemployed in either 1989 or 1990 [since] we wanted to characterize the consistently employed . . . [excluding] also those who were not in the labor force in 1990.” Strengthening Opportunities for New Mexico’s Future 1. These programs aim to mitigate the adverse effects of poverty, low education or illiteracy. Their formal eligibility criteria are either income- or need-based except for the Substance Abuse Prevention Program. A majority of its clients, however, are from low-income families. 2. Felitti, FJ et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Medicine 1998; 14: 245 - 68. 3. Households with modified adjusted gross income less than $22,000 are eligible for a rebate of up to $450 a year. 4. New Mexico Administrative Code. Title 7: Health, Chapter 30: Family and Children Health Care Services, Part 4: County Maternal and Child Health Plan Act Requirements pp. 1-2. 5. Owen, A and Owen, G. Twenty years of WIC: a review of some effects of the program. J Am Dietetic Assoc 1997; 97: 77-782. 6. Heitman, J and Glass, N. WIC: A Success Story. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Food Research and Action Center; 1991, p. viii. 7. Owen and Owen, op cit. 8. Peacock, J New Mexico WIC: Commemorating 25 Years of Success (unpublished report). 9. Heitman and Glass, op cit., p. ix. 10. Peacock, op cit., p. 6. 11. New Mexico Department of Health. An Investment in the Health of Women and Children (undated and unpublished report). 12. New Mexico Department of Health, Behavioral Health Regional Care Coordination Plan, February, 2000, p. 1. 13. Ibid., p. 25. “Criteria are used to identify individuals who are included in the BHSD priority populations as evidenced by one or more of these conditions: Automatic priorities: suicidal, in need of crisis stabilization, victims of sexual assault regardless of age or financial status, homeless individuals with severely disabling mental illness (SDMI) or dual diagnosis; First priority: “Any individual with SDMI or with a DSM-IV diagnosis and a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of 50 or lower; addicted/dependent or substance using individuals with significant dysfunction, any dually or multiple diagnosed individual with mental health and/or substance abuse dependence needs; pregnant women in need of behavioral health care; injection drug users; and any Medicaid enrolled client in need of non-Medicaid reimbursable behavioral health services.”While the clinical criteria for the 1st priority population are the same as for the 2nd - 5th priority levels, financial and insurance status causes clients to be assigned to these priority groups: 2nd priority (uninsured and at 120% of poverty level); 3rd priority (uninsured and at 150% of poverty level), 4th priority (uninsured); and 5th (low priority, not any of the above priority groups). 14. Data derive from the Behavioral Health Services Division’s Behavioral Health Information System. 15. Community programs conduct needs assessments; generally, the greatest needs are among low-income persons. 16. New Mexico Department of Health. Substance Abuse Prevention Outcome Evaluation Highlights. Fiscal Year 1999. 17. U.S. Department of Education. Elementary and Secondary Education Act as Amended by Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994. 18. New Mexico State Department of Education. Even Start Family Literacy Program. (Undated and unpublished). 19. Eligibility for free- and reduced-cost school lunch programs or other income-based/need-related indicators is used to determine eligibility for Even Start. 20. U.S. Department of Education. National Evaluation of the Even Start Family Literacy Program: Final Report, Executive Summary; Office of the Undersecretary; 1995, p. 7. 21. Early childhood education can include literacy-based enrichment, summer school, or before- and after-school programs; 22. National Evaluation, op. cit. Results are from a study that randomly assigned 200 families to Even Start or a control group. 23. Bianca, J. Presentation to the Legislative Welfare Reform Oversight Committee (WROC). 24. Through a joint-powers agreement with SDE, HSD passed the funds to SDE; the Legislature mandates SDE to provide and administer the program, while HSD determines eligibility for the program. Access To New Mexico’s Health System 1. DeChiara M, Wolff T, 1998. Topics For Our Times: If We Have the Money, Why Is It So Hard? American Journal of Public Health 88(9):1300-1302. 2. Siegel S, 1998, Access to Primary Care: Tracking the States, Health Policy Tracking Service, National Conference of State Legislatures, 444 North Capitol Street, Washington, D.C. 3. Reynis LA, Alcantara A, 2000. Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of New Mexico: Health Care Coverage and Access in New Mexico. An analysis of the 1999 Health Policy Commission Statewide Household Survey of Health Care Coverage. 4. Kessler RC, Olfson M, Berglund, PA, 1998, Patterns and predictors of treatment contact after first onset of psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 155(1):62-69. 5. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Katz SJ, Kouzis AC, Frank RG, Edlund M, Leaf P, 1999. Past-year use of outpatient services for psychiatric problems in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 156(1): 115-123. 6. State of New Mexico Health Policy Commission, October 1, 1999. Senate Joint Memorial 21 Final Report. 7. Consumers Voice, 1999. The Consumers Voice in New Mexico’s Medicaid Managed Care: 1999 Report. Health Action New Mexico, 801 Encino Place NE, Suite F-21, Albuquerque, NM 871020 Healthy Mothers and Infants 1. U.S. Bureau of Census, 1997 Intercensal Estimates, Bureau of Business and Economic Research,University of New Mexico. 2. U.S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Survey (CPS) March 1998; 1996-98 data for New Mexico. CPS is a telephone survey of a sample of about 700 persons each year. 3. 1997 data, New Mexico Vital Records & Health Statistics, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 4. 1995-98 NM Birth Defects Prevention and Surveillance System (BDPASS). MCH Epidemiology Program, Family Health Bureau, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 5. 1997 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Office of Epidemiology, New Mexico Department of Health. 6. 1997 and 1998 New Mexico Pregnancy Risk Assessment & Monitoring System (PRAMS) data. PRAMS is a survey of newly delivered mothers. MCH Epidemiology Program, Family Health Bureau, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 7. May P, et al. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in New Mexico: prevalence, characteristics and prevention, a status and recommendation report. Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, Winter 1999. 8. Hataling, GT and Sugarman DB, “An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence,” Violence & Victims 1:101-124, 1986. 9. PRAMS, op cit. 10. Germano, E. a. Analysis of 1997 and 1998 New Mexico Pregnancy Risk Assessment & Monitoring System (unpublished). b. Analysis of 1990-98 data, New Mexico Vital Records & Health Statistics, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. Healthy Infants and Children 1. Children’s Medical Services, a program of the Family Health Bureau, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health, pays for medical care and provides care coordination for eligible children (from birth to 21 years) with special health care needs who have no other source of payment; the program sponsors a system of pediatric specialty outreach clinics. 2. The Healthier Kids Fund pays for primary and preventive care, including dental and specialty care, for children (from birth to 21 years) who have no other source of payment, including but not limited to working parents who are underinsured or uninsured and do not qualify for Medicaid or New MexiKids. 3. Full title of program is Women, Infants and Children’s Nutrition and Commodity Supplemental Food Program. 4. U.S. Bureau of Census, Intercensal Estimates, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of New Mexico. 5. In 1998, the Federal Poverty Level for a family of four was $16,000 per year. 6. U.S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Survey 1994-97, estimates: http://www.census.gov. 7. SIDS Panel, NM Child Fatality Review, 1997-98 deaths (unpublished, from case reviews). 8. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1997. Occupant Protection Traffic Safety Facts 1997. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/FactPrev/OccPrev/97.html. 9. New Mexico Risk Assessment & Monitoring System (PRAMS), a population-based survey of newly delivered mothers; 1997-98 data; MCH Epidemiology Program, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 10. Newborn Genetic Screening and Newborn Hearing Screening Programs, Children’s Medical Services, Family Health Bureau, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health, 1998 data. 11. Based on 1998 CDC telephone survey to estimate immunization coverage among two-year olds in New Mexico. Personal communication, Immunization Program, New Mexico Department of Health. 12. The Future of Children. Home visiting: recent program evaluations. Packard Foundation. Spring-Summer 1999; 9:1 (www.futureofchildren.org). 13. Children and Adolescents with Disability Due to Traumatic Injury: A Data Book. National Pediatric Trauma Registry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 1996. 14. Nord M, Jemison K, Bickel G. Measuring Food Security in the United States: Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Hunger, by State, 1996-1998. Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Report No. 2, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. September, 1999. Healthy Preteens, Teens and Youth 1. U.S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Survey (CPS) March 1998, data for New Mexico. CPS is a telephone survey. 2. Perry C. Lifecycle III: Preadolescent and Adolescent Influences on Health. Institute of Medicine Symposium Capitalizing on Social Science & Behavioral Research to Improve the Public’s Health. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences Press, February 2000 (in press): www.nas.edu. 3. New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics; Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico. 4. Perry, op cit. 5. 1997 New Mexico School Survey, Final Report, Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health, August 1999. 6. Ibid. 7. 1997 New Mexico Youth Risk Behavior Survey, New Mexico Department of Education and 1999 Report on Developmental Assets, A Profile of Our Youth. Search Institute. 8. Disease Reporting System, New Mexico Department of Health; comparison by Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. 9. New Mexico Vital Records and Health Statistics, 1997 data; National Healthy People Goals for the Year 2010 can be viewed at www.healthypeople.gov. 10. Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), National results for 1999 and results for students who participated in the NM YRBS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), sponsored by the New Mexico Department of Health, New Mexico Department of Education. 11. Reducing the Risk: Connections that Make a Difference in the Lives of Youth; a report from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health of 1995-6; Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth. 12. Year 2000 Composite Report for New Mexico, Developmental Assets: A Profile of Your Youth, Participating Schools in the New Mexico 1999-2000 School Year; Search Institute, Minneapolis, Minn. Report No. 80077. 13. The Statewide Youth Development Advisory Council is sponsored by the Adolescent/Youth Development Program, Family Health Bureau, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. Healthy Adults 1. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14(4): 245. 2. Dahlberg LL. Youth violence in the United States. Major trends, risk factors, and prevention approaches. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14(4):259-72. 3. Ross NA, Wolfson MC, Dunn JR, Berthelot JM, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics. BMJ, 2000 Apr 1: 320 (7239): 898-902. 4. Wellman NS, Weddle DO, Kranz S, Brain CT. Elder insecurities: poverty, hunger, and malnutrition Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1997 Oct 97(10 Suppl 2):S120-2. 5. Lachs MS, Williams C, O’Brien S, Hurst L, Horwitz R. Risk factors for reported elder abuse and neglect: a nine-year observational cohort study. Gerontologist, 1997 Aug;37(4):469-74. Tobacco 1. A Preliminary Report on Alcohol, Tobacco, Other Drug Use and School Safety Among 7th - 12th Grades in New Mexico Public Schools, April 1998. Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 2. Health Behaviors and Conditions of New Mexicans: Results from the 1997 New Mexico Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, March 2000. Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 3. Achievements in Public Health, 1900 - 1999: Tobacco use - United States, 1900 - 1999. MMWR 1999; 48: 43, Nov. 5. 4. Ibid. 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs - August 1999. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 6. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thus M, Heath C. Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries 1950 - 2000: Indirect Estimates from National Vital Statistics. Oxford University Press, 1994. 7. Substance Use Among Childbearing- Age Females, Summary Report. New Mexico Department of Health, April, 1995. 8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1994. Rockville, MD., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of Smoking 9. Miller LS, Zhang X. Rice DP, Max W. State estimates of Medicaid expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking, Fiscal Year 1993. Public Health Reports. 1998; Sept.-Oct.; 113 (5):447-58. 10. Glantz S. What happens when you stop smoking? Tobacco Biology and Politics, 2nd ed. Waco, Texas: Health EDCO; 1999: 26-27. 11. Response to increases in cigarette prices by race/ethnicity, income and age groups - United States, 1976 - 1993. MMWR 1998; 47: 29, July 31, 1998. Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse 1. October 1999, Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 1997 New Mexico Social Indicator Project Report, 1995-1997. State demand and needs assessment studies, alcohol and other drugs No. 270-96-0004. 2. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Edlund MJ, Frank RG, Leaf PJ. 1996. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization. Am J Orthopsychiatry 66(1):17-31. 3. August 1999, Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 1997 New Mexico School Survey Final Report. Unintentional Injury 1. Office of Vital Records and Health Statistics, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health. 2. Fingerhut, LA, Warner M, Injury Chartbook, Hyattsville, MD, National Center for Health Statistics, 1997, p18. 3. Castle, S, Woods B, et al, Use of CODES Linked Data to Evaluate Traumatic Brain Injuries in New Mexico, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Technical Report DOT HS 808 798, October 1998. 4. New Mexico death analysis from CDC WONDER, http://wonder.cdc.gov 5. Office of the Medical Investigator, Annual Report 1998, based on tested victims only, p42. 6. Larson-Bright, M, Falls and Fractures: A risk for older persons!, Improving Our Health Odds Factsheet Series, New Mexico Department of Health, March 2000, www.health.state.nm.us Violent Behavior 1. Frye, D. Suicide in New Mexico Youth 1980-1996, presentation, 2000. 2. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/htm. 3. August 1999, Office of Epidemiology, Public Health Division, New Mexico Department of Health, 1190 St. Francis Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87505. 1997 New Mexico School Survey Final Report: State demand and needs assessment studies, alcohol and other drugs. No. 270-96-0004. 4. June 1999, New Mexico State Department of Education, Violence and Vandalism Report 1997-1999, pp. 6,9. 5. Office of the Medical Investigator, Annual Report 1998, p. 42. 6. Olson, LM and Crandall, CS, Getting away with murder: A Report of the New Mexico Female Intimate Partner Death Review Team, p2. 7. Caponera, B, Incidence and Nature of Domestic Violence in New Mexico: An Analysis of 1999 data from the New Mexico Domestic Violence Data Central Repository, June 2000. 8. March 1992, Kashani JH, Anasseril ED, Dandoy AC, Holcomb W. Family violence: impact on children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:2. 9. October 1999. Singer MI, Miller, DB, Guo S, Flannery DJ, Frierson T, Slovak K. Contributors to violent behavior among elementary and middle school children. Pediatrics 104(4 Pt 1):878-884. 10. June 1997. Henning K. Leitenberg H, Coffey P, Bennett T, Jankowski MK. Long-term psychological adjustments to witnessing interparental physical conflict during childhood. Child Abuse Negl 21(6):501- 515. 11. New Mexico Children, Youth & Families Department, Personal communication, May 2000. 12. New Mexico Child Fatality Review: Annual Report, March 2000. 13. Spring/Summer 1999. Home visiting program evaluation-analysis and recommendations. Future of Children 9(1):4-26. 14. April 2000. Schuster, MA, Franke, TM, Bastian, AM, Sinaroth S, Halfon, N, “Firearm Storage Patterns in US Homes with Children,” American Journal of Public Health, 90:588:594. 15. American Academy of Pediatrics. http://www.aap.org/policy/re9926.html. Mental Health and Mental Disorders 1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.1994. 2. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, Jan 1994. 3. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB, 1995. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1040-1060. 4. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Zhao S, et al, The 12-Month Prevalence and Correlates of Serious Mental Illness (SMI). In Mental Health, United States, 1996, R.W. Manderscheid & M.A. Sonnenschein, Eds. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. 5. Kessler RC, Berglund AP, Walters EE, et al, Estimating the 12-month Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness (SMI), Working Paper #8, Thirteenth Draft, April 1997. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. 6. Friedman RM, Katz-Leavy JW, Manderscheid RW, Sondheimer DL. Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance in Children and Adolescents. In Mental Health, United States, 1996, R.W. Manderscheid & M.A. Sonnenschein, Eds. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. 7. Druss BG, Rosenheck RA. Mental disorders and access to medical care in the United States. 1998. Am J Psychiatry 155(12): 1775-1777. 8. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Katz SJ, Kouzis AC, Frank RG, Edlund M, Leaf P, 1999. Past-year use of outpatient services for psychiatric problems in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 156(1):115-123. 9. Kessler RC, Olfson M, Berglund PA, 1998. Patterns and predictors of treatment contact after first onset of psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 155(1):62-69. 10. Leaf PJ, Alegria M, Cohen P, Goodman SH, Horwitz SM, Hoven CW, Narrow WE, Vaden-Kiernan M, Regier DA. 1996. Mental health service use in the community and schools: Results from the four-community MECA Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35(7):889-897. 11. Muntaner C, Eaton WW, Diala C, Kessler RC, Sorlie PD. 1998. Social class, assets, organizational control and the prevalence of common groups of psychiatric disorders. Soc Sci Med 47(12):2043-2053. Disability in New Mexico 1. Adam, Gina and John Gastl 1997 NMTAP Report on New Mexicans with Disabilities (Fall 1997). UNM Institute for Public Policy, Albuquerque, 1998. 2. Adults with Disabilities (Non-severe and Severe Disabilities) in New Mexico (1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Prepared by the Disability and Health Program, New Mexico Department of Health. 3. Ashbaugh, John, Kerri Melda, Ralph Warren, Barbara Raab, Paul Nurczynski. Estimates and Projections of the Number of Adults with Developmental Disabilities in the State of New Mexico and of their Demand for Services through the Year 2000. Human Services Research Institute, Cambridge, MA (Prepared for New Mexico Developmental Disabilities Planning Council). 4. Direct Health Care Expenditures Among Persons with Disabilities in the United States. Briefing Presentation by John F. Hough, Dr. P.H., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, February 9, 2000. 5. Disability in America: Towards a National Agenda for Prevention. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1991. Environmental Health 1. Environmental Defense Fund. 1999: Emissions of criteria air pollutants in 1996. http://www.scorecard.org Appendix A: How Social Factors Affect Health in New Mexico 1. Exercise is defined as physical activities or exercise outside of work, such as running, calisthenics, golf or walking for exercise, done for a total of more than 20 minutes, three or more times per week. 2. Low fruits and vegetable is defined as eating less than five servings of fruits and vegtables per day. 3. Responsdents were asked to describe their health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. 4. Acute/binge drinking is defined as having had five or more alcoholic drinks on one or more occasions in the past month. 5. CDC defines overweight by gender. Females are considered overweight if their Body Mass Index is equal to or greater than 27.3; males are viewed as overweight if their BMI is equal to or greater than 27.8. The Body Mass Index is derived by dividing a person’s body weight (in pounds) by her/his height (in inches squared) and multiplying by 703, e.g., 172 pounds divided by (69 * 69) * 703 = 172 divided by 4761 * 703 = 25.4.